This chapter provides a summary of recommended germination test procedures and dormancy-breaking treatments for seeds of species within more than 70 families which have not been included in the previous chapters. Some caution may be needed when applying this information to diverse germplasm - see the comment on germination test prescriptions in Chapter 17. For several of the families listed here additional guidance on suitable dormancy-breaking treatments is available in Tables 17.1 and 17.2, Chapter 17.
The information in this chapter is not limited to those species showing orthodox seed storage behaviour: germination test procedures are also provided for species which are believed to exhibit recalcitrant seed storage characteristics. This is provided to assist both those handling recalcitrant seeds in short-term storage (moist and warm or cool environments), e.g. when collecting or transporting material, and those wishing to improve our knowledge of the physiology of these seeds with a view to increasing the periods for which they can be conserved. For more information on the recalcitrant seeds see the references listed in Chapter 1, Volume I.
TABLE 76.1 Summary of germination test recommendations for species within families not considered in the previous chapters
|
Species and Authority |
Substrate |
Temperature |
Duration |
Additional directions |
Source |
|
|
|
|
|
ACANTHACEAE |
|
|
Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Thunbergia alata Bojer
|
BP; TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
ACERACEAE |
|
|
|
Acer palmatum Thunb. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer platanoides L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer pseudoplatanus L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer rubrum L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Acer saccharinum L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Acer saccharum Marsh. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer spp. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
14d |
excise embryos, or remove pericarp and pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 2m |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
warm stratification, 25°C, 4w, and/or pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
4-24w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
AIZOACEAE |
|
|
|
Dorotheanthus bellidiformus (Burm.f.) N.E. Br.
|
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
35d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Mesembryanthemum criniflorum L. |
|
15°C |
28d |
not sensitive to light |
Atwater |
|
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. |
|
20°C |
21d |
pierce centre of seed |
Atwater |
|
Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze |
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
35d |
remove pulp, pre-wash |
ISTA |
|
S |
10°/30°C |
28d |
keep substratum on dry side |
AOSA |
|
|
BP |
15°C |
21d |
remove pulp |
AOSA |
|
|
S |
10°/20°C |
35d |
pre-wash |
Fornerod |
|
|
|
|
|
AMARYLLIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
APOCYNACEAE |
|
|
|
Carissa spp. |
|
|
16d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
23d |
light, maintain good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Vinca minor L.
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
ARALIACEAE |
|
|
|
Brassaia actinophylla Endl. |
|
20°C |
40d |
|
Atwater |
|
Cussonia spicata Thunb. |
|
20°C |
50d |
dormant seeds remain |
Atwater |
|
Dizygotheca elegantissima Vig. & Guill.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
40d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Fatsia japonica Decne. & Planch.
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
ASCLEPIADACEAE |
|
|
|
Asclepias tuberosa L.
|
TP |
10°/30°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
BALSAMINACEAE |
|
|
|
Impatiens balsamina L.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
8d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
25°/35°C; 20°C; 25°C |
10d |
pre-chill, 5°C, 2w, or GA, 50mg/1, or clip |
Atwater |
|
|
Impatiens wallerana Hook.f.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
18d |
light, avoid higher temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, higher temperatures unfavourable |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
BEGONIACEAE |
|
|
|
Begonia evansiana Andr. |
|
29°C |
|
light, 12h/d, 6d |
Atwater |
|
Begonia semperflorens Link & Otto |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Begonia x tuberhybrida Voss |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Begonia spp.
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
fluorescent light, 12h/d, 430 lux |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
BERBERIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Berberis thunbergii DC. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
Berberis vulgaris L. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
Berberis spp. |
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 6-13w |
G&R |
|
Mahonia aquifolium Nutt.
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 6-13w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
BOMBACACEAE |
|
|
|
Durio zibethinus Murr.
|
S |
25°-35°C |
35d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
|
|
|
BORAGINACEAE |
|
|
|
Amsinickia intermedia |
TP |
20°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Anchusa azurea Mill.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
21d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
Anchusa capensis Thunb.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
sensitive to temperatures above 15°C |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
Borago officinalis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
10d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
20°C |
10d |
|
Heit |
|
|
Brunnera macrophylla (Adams) Johnston |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
40d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & Drumm. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Echium fastuosum Jacq. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
14d |
excise embryos |
Atwater |
|
|
Echium lycopus L. |
|
|
|
excise embryos |
Atwater |
|
Echium plantagineum L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Heliotropium arborescens L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Heliotropium spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt |
TP |
20°C |
12d |
sensitive to drying out in test |
AOSA |
|
Myosotis hybrida Hort. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Myosotis scorpioides L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
12d |
sensitive to drying out in test |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
14d |
light, potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
BUXACEAE |
|
|
|
Simmondsia chinensis |
|
26°C |
7d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
CACTACEAE |
|
|
|
Cactaceae |
TP |
20°/30°C |
18d |
light, good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose |
TP |
20°/30°C |
20d |
light, good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Cereus peruvianus Mill. |
|
|
14d |
light |
Riley |
|
Echinocereus engelmanii (Perry ex Engelm.) Ruempl. |
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
fluorescent light, 12h/d |
Atwater |
|
Ferocactus wislizenii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose |
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
light, good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Opuntia tuna (L.) Mill. |
|
20°C |
65d |
light, clip seeds |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
CAMPANULACEAE |
|
|
|
Campanula carpatica Jacq. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Campanula fragilis Cyr. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula garganica Ten. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula glomerata L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula lactiflora Bieb. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula medium L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Campanula persicifolia L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Campanula portenschlagiana Schult. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula pyramidalis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula rapunculus L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) DC. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CAPPARIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Cleome hasslerana Chodat |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light, potassium nitrate, sensitive to low temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
28d |
clip seeds |
Atwater |
|
|
Cleome pungens Willd. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
CAPRIFOLIACEAE |
|
|
|
Sambucus glauca Nutt. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 16w |
G&R |
|
Sambucus nigra L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 10w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
12w |
G&R |
|
Sambucus racemosa L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 10w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
12w |
G&R |
|
Sambucus spp. |
|
|
30d |
scarify, abrade with sand, or file or nick seed coat, then pre-chill,
1°-5°C, 90d |
Riley |
|
Symphoricarpos rivularis Suks. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 12-16w, then pre-chill,
1°-5°C, 18-26w |
G&R |
|
Viburnum lantana L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
Viburnum lentago L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
Viburnum opulus L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
Viburnum trilobum Marsh. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
CARYOPHYLLACEAE |
|
|
|
Agrostemma githago |
TP |
20°C |
5d |
|
SGCF |
|
Agrostemma spp. |
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
Arenaria serpyllifolia |
TP |
15°C |
|
light |
M&O |
|
Cerastium tomentosum L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
14d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
21d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Cerastium vulgatum |
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
SGCF |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
light |
M&O |
|
|
Dianthus x allwoodii Hort. Allwood |
TP |
20°C |
8d |
|
AOSA |
|
Dianthus barbatus L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
8d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus caryophyllus L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
8d |
problem of broken seedlings |
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus chinensis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
problem of broken seedlings |
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus deltoides L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus plumarius L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus spp. |
|
20°C |
10d |
|
Atwater |
|
Gypsophila elegans Bieb. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
14d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
15°C |
8d |
if sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Gypsophila elegans Bieb. var carminea |
|
15°C |
14d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
Gypsophila pacifica Kom. |
TP |
15°C |
8d |
sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
Gypsophila paniculata L. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
14d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
Gypsophila repens L. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
14d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
8d |
sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Lychnis alba Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
potassium nitrate |
SGCF |
|
TP |
23°/30°C |
|
light, during period at 23°C |
R&S |
|
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
|
Lychnis chalcedonica L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
light |
M&O |
|
|
Lychnis viscaria L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Saponaria calabrica Guss. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Saponaria ocymoides L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Saponaria officinalis L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
pre-chill, 1w, plus potassium nitrate |
SGCF |
|
|
Saponaria vaccaria L. |
TP |
15°C; 20°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Saponaria vaccaria pyramidata Medic. |
TP |
15°C |
16d |
sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
Silene conoidea |
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Silene cseri |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Silene noctiflora |
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
Everson |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
|
SGCF |
|
|
Silene pendula L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Silene spp. |
|
20°C |
10d |
light |
Atwater |
|
Spergula arvensis L. |
TP |
20°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Stellaria media |
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
potassium nitrate |
SGCF |
|
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
CASUARINACEAE |
|
|
|
Casuarina spp. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CELASTRACEAE |
|
|
|
Celastrus spp. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
Euonymus europaea L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 45d |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
warm stratification, 25°C, 8-12w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8-16w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
CISTACEAE |
|
|
|
Cistus incanus L. |
|
20°C |
21d |
pre-soak, warm water, 24h |
Atwater |
|
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Helianthemum spp. |
|
15°C |
28d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
CORNACEAE |
|
|
|
Cornus alba L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
Cornus amomum Mill. |
|
|
21d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle, 120d |
Riley |
|
Cornus controversa Hemsl. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8-12w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8-12w |
G&R |
|
Cornus drummondii Mey. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 4-8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
4-8w |
G&R |
|
Cornus florida L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90-120d |
AOSA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
|
Cornus kousa Hance |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
Cornus mas L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 16w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
4-16w |
G&R |
|
|
|
21d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle, 120d |
Riley |
|
|
Cornus nuttallii Audubon |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
Cornus sanguinea L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8-12w |
G&R |
|
Cornus stolonifera Michx. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90d, excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CORYLACEAE |
|
|
|
Alnus cordata (Lois.) Duby |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus incana (L.) Moench |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus rubra Bong. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus spp. |
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4w |
G&R |
|
Betula papyrigera Marsh. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Betula pendula Roth |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Betula pubescens Ehrh. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Betula spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4w |
G&R |
|
|
Carpinus betulus L. |
S |
20°C |
42d |
warm stratification, 20°C, 1m, then pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
4m |
ISTA |
|
|
15°/25°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 4w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
12-14w |
G&R |
|
|
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. |
|
|
|
warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8w |
G&R |
|
Corylus americana Marsh. |
|
|
30d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle |
Riley |
|
Corylus avellana L. |
S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
35d |
remove pericarp, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 2m |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
pre-soak, cold water, 2d, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-16w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
30d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle |
Riley |
|
|
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
16-20w |
G&R |
|
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
16-20w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
CRASSULACEAE |
|
|
|
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana von Poellnitz |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
16d |
light, continuous |
AOSA |
|
|
Kalanchoe crenata Haw. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Kalanchoe globulifera Perrier |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Sedum acre L. |
TP |
15°C |
14d |
light, 8h/d or more |
AOSA |
|
Sedum spp. |
|
20°C |
10d |
light |
Atwater |
|
Sempervivum spp. |
TP |
20°C |
14d |
light, 8h/d or more |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CUPRESSACEAE |
|
|
|
Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. & Zucc. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis pisifera Sieb. & Zucc. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis thyoides BSP |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90d |
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis spp. |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
Cupressus arizonica Greene |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 20d |
AOSA |
|
|
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
35d |
|
ISTA |
|
Cupressus sempervirens L. |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Juniperus communis L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90d |
ISTA |
|
|
|
60d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
|
Juniperus occidentalis |
|
|
60d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. |
TP; S |
15°C |
42d |
warm stratification, 20°C, 60d, then, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
40d |
ISTA |
|
Juniperus virginiana L. |
TP; S |
15°C |
28d |
warm stratification, 20°C, 60d, then, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
45d |
ISTA |
|
Libocedrus decurrens Torr. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 30d |
AOSA |
|
Thuja occidentalis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Thuja orientalis L. |
TP |
20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA/AOSA |
|
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
CYTINACEAE |
|
|
|
Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerheim |
BP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
DIPSACEAE |
|
|
|
Cephalaria alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult. |
|
20°C |
40d |
|
Atwater |
|
Dipsacus fullonum L. |
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
Scabiosa atropurpurea L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Scabiosa caucasica Bieb. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
15°C |
18d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
excise embryos |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
DIPTEROCARPACEAE |
|
|
|
Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. |
S |
25°-30°C |
10d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
Shorea acuminata |
S |
25°-30°C |
15d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
Shorea leprosula Miq. |
S |
25°-30°C |
14d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
|
|
|
ELAEAGNACEAE |
|
|
|
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, 30-60 min, warm stratification,
25°C, |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
0-4w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 8-12w |
|
|
|
Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
Elaeagnus philippensis |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. |
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 8-12w |
G&R |
|
Hippophae rhamnoides |
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12w |
G&R |
|
Shepherdia argentea Nutt. |
|
|
60d |
scarify, abrade with sand, or file or nick seed coat, pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
30-60d |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
FLACOURTIACEAE |
|
|
|
Dovyalis spp. |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Flacourtia indica Merr. |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
FUMARIACEAE |
|
|
|
Dicentra chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Walp. |
|
15°C |
70d |
GA, 400ppm |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
GENTIANACEAE |
|
|
|
Gentiana acaulis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. |
|
20°C |
60d |
pre-chill, 5°C, 2m |
Atwater |
|
Gentiana spp. |
|
15°C |
60d |
pre-chill, 5°C, 2m, GA, 400ppm |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
GERANIACEAE |
|
|
|
Erodium cicutarium (L.) Ait. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
clip seeds |
AOSA |
|
Geranium hybridum Hort. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa |
ISTA |
|
Geranium spp. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Pelargonium zonale Hort. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
pierce, chip or file off fragment of testa |
ISTA |
|
Pelargonium spp. |
|
27°C |
21d |
clip hard seeds |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
GESNERIACEAE |
|
|
|
Episcia spp. |
TP |
20°C |
21d |
light, continuous |
AOSA |
|
Saintpaulia ioliantha Wendl. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Saintpaulia spp. |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
light, continuous |
AOSA |
|
Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
GUTTIFERAE |
|
|
|
Garcinia mangostana L. |
S |
25°-30°C |
28d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
Garcinia spp. |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h, then warm stratification |
Riley |
|
Mammea americana L. |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h, then warm stratification |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
HAMAMELIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Hamamelis mollis Oliv. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
16-24w |
G&R |
|
Hamamelis virginiana L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
16-24w |
G&R |
|
Liquidambar styraciflua L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
sensitive to drying out in test |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, sensitive to drying out in test |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4-12w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
HIPPOCASTANACEAE |
|
|
|
Aesculus hippocastranum L. |
TS; S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 48h, cut off 1/3 at scar end of seed, but do not remove testa
from the sown |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
portion, pre-chill |
|
|
|
|
|
|
pre-soak, warm water |
G&R |
|
|
Aesculus indica (Lamb.) Hook. |
|
20°/30°C; 20°C |
|
pre-soak, warm water |
G&R |
|
Aesculus pavia L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
HYDROPHYLLACEAE |
|
|
|
Nemophila aurita Lindl. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Nemophila maculata Lindl. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
10°C |
16d |
sensitive to temperature |
AOSA |
|
|
Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
10d |
sensitive to tem perature above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
|
15°C |
14d |
dark, 72h, or remove seed coat over radicle |
Atwater |
|
|
Phacelia campanularia Gray |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
12d |
light, potassium nitrate, sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Phacelia minor (Harvey) F. Zimmerman |
TP |
15°C |
12d |
light, potassium nitrate, sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill, no light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
12d |
light, potassium nitrate, sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
|
15°C |
14d |
dark, 72h, or remove seed coat over radicle |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
HYPERICACEAE |
|
|
|
Hypericum calycinum L. |
|
15°C |
30d |
GA, 400ppm |
Atwater |
|
|
|
60d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Hypericum formosum Kunth. |
soil |
|
22d |
|
Atwater |
|
Hypericum perforatum L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
IRIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Klatt |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
35d |
pierce, chip or file off fragment of testa, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Gladiolus spp. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
16d |
dewing, ensure good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
Iris kaempferi Lem. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
18d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 20-25d |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
LARDIZABALACEAE |
|
|
|
Akebia quinata Decne. |
|
|
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
Akebia trifoliata Koidz. |
|
|
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
LAURACEAE |
|
|
|
Persea americana Mill. |
S |
25°-30°C |
33d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
|
|
21d |
warm stratification |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
|
LOBELIACEAE |
|
|
|
Lobelia cardinalis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
15°C |
40d |
light, potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Lobelia erinus L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
10d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Lobelia fulgens Willd. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
MAGNOLIACEAE |
|
|
|
Liriodendron tulipifera L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 60d |
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 60d, excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 7-20w |
G&R |
|
|
Magnolia grandiflora L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
42d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 45d |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
MALPIGHIACEAE |
|
|
|
Malpighia glabra L. |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
MARTYNIACEAE |
|
|
|
Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. |
TP |
20°C |
10d |
light, excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
MELIACEAE |
|
|
|
Cedrela spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Sandorium koetjape |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
MYRISTICACEAE |
|
|
|
Myristica fragrans Houtt. |
S |
25°-30°C |
18d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
|
|
|
NYCTAGINACEAE |
|
|
|
Abronia umbellata Lam. |
|
20°C |
25d |
remove calyx and outer seed coat |
Atwater |
|
Mirabilis jalapa L. |
TP; BP; S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
NYSSACEAE |
|
|
|
Davidia involucrata Baill. |
|
|
|
warm stratification, 25°C, 12-20w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
12-16w |
G&R |
|
Nyssa aquatica L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 30d |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4-16w |
G&R |
|
|
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4-16w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
ONAGRACEAE |
|
|
|
Clarkia amoena (Lehm.) Nelson & J.F. Macb. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
14d |
Light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
8d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Clarkia pulchella Pursh. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Clarkia unguiculata Lindl. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
7d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Fuchsia spp. |
TP |
15°C |
28d |
light, 8h/d or more |
AOSA |
|
Gaura spp. |
|
20°C |
28d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
Godetia whitneyi Hort. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Oenothera erythrosepala Borb. |
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
Oenothera hookeri Torr. & Gray |
|
20°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
Oenothera missouriensis Sims |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
PINACEAE |
|
|
|
Abies alba Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies amabilis Dougl. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°/25°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 0°-5°C, 14d, or 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies cephalonica Loud. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies cilicica (Ant. & Kotschy) Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies concolor (Gord.) Engelm. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies firma Sieb. & Zucc. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies fraseri (Pursch) Poir. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 14d, or dark, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies homolepis Sieb. & Zucc. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies magnifica A. Murr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies numidica Delannoy ex Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies pinsapo Boiss. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies procera Rehd. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 14d, or dark, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Abies veitchii Lindl. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Cedrus deodora (D. Don) Don |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Cedrus libani A. Rich. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Cedrus spp. |
TP |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 14d |
AOSA |
|
Larix decidua Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Larix eurolepis Henry |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen-Proch. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Larix occidentalis Nutt. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, or potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
Larix sibirica (Muenchh.) Ledeb. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Larix sukaczewii Dylis |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Picea abies (L.) Karst. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
or test at 20°C or 25°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light, potassium nitrate, sensitive to excessive moisture |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 14-21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea jezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea koyamai Shiras. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea omorika (Panc.) Purkyne |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea orientalis (L.) Link |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea polita (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Picea pungens Engelm. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
or test at 20°C or 25°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea rubens Sarg. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, more than 8h/d, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus albicaulis Engelm. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus aristata Engelm. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA/AOSA |
|
Pinus banksiana Lamb. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus canariensis C. Smith |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 1d, light, sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus caribaea Morelet |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus cembra L. |
S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 6-9m, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 6-9m |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus cembroides Zucc. |
S |
20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
28d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus clausa (Chapm.) Vasey |
TP; TS |
20°C |
21d |
sensitive to excess moisture |
ISTA |
|
TP |
22°C |
21d |
sensitive to excess moisture |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, more than 8h/d, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus contorta var latifolia Wats. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
Pinus coulteri D. Don |
S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 60-90d, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
TP; S |
15°/25°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 8-12w |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 14d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus echinata Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, 8h/d, sensitive to drying out |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
22°C |
28d |
light, 16h, two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus edulis Engelm. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, 16h |
ISTA |
|
Pinus elliottii Engelm. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 22°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, 8h/d, sensitive to drying out |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
22°C |
28d |
light, two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus flexilis James. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus glabra Walters |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus halepensis Mill. |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
28d |
sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus heldreichii Christ |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 42d, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
Pinus heldreichii Christ var leucodermis |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 40d |
AOSA |
|
Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. |
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, excise embryos, or pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 4, 8w |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus kesiya Royle & Gord. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Pinus khasya Englem. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Pinus koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. |
S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
warm stratification, 25°C, 2m, then pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
3m, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
Pinus lambertiana Dougl. |
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 60-90d, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 8, 12w |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus luchuensis Mayr |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Pinus merkusii Junghuhn & DeVriese |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 60-90d, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 8-12w |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus mugo Turra |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus muricata D. Don |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus nigra Arnold |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
also var poiretiana |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Pinus oocarpa Schiede |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Pinus palustris Mill. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
21d |
light, 8h/d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus parviflora Sieb. & Zucc. |
S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 6-9m, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
18d |
light, sensitive to temperature |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus peuce Griseb. |
S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 6m, or excise embryos |
ISTA |
|
Pinus pinaster Ait. |
TP |
20°C |
35d |
light, 16h/d, but no more, two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
28d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
28d |
light, sensitive to temperature and possibly moisture, pre-chill |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus pinea L. |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
pre-soak, 1d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
21d |
light, pre-soak, 1d, sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus ponderosa Dougl. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel |
S |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 4m |
ISTA |
|
Pinus radiata D. Don |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
25d |
light, more than 8h/d, prefers good moisture supply, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus resinosa Sol. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
14d |
light not essential for maximum germination |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus rigida Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus serotina Michx. |
TP |
22°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
Pinus strobus L |
TP |
20°/30°C; 22°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, more than 8h/d, sensitive to drying out, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
28-42d |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
22°C |
28d |
light, 16h/d, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28-42d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus sylvestris L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Pinus taeda L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 22°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, more than 8h/d, sensitive to drying out |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
22°C |
28d |
light, 16h/d, two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus taiwanensis Hayata |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Pinus thunbergii Parl. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, more than 8h/d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus virginiana Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
22°C |
21d |
light, 16h/d |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, 8h/d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, more than 8h/d |
AOSA |
|
|
Pseudotsuga menziesis (Mirbel) Franco |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
(vars caesia, glauca, and menziesii) |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill (except glauca), 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. |
TP |
15°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
AOSA |
|
|
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. |
TP |
20°C |
35d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
28d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
PITTOSPORACEAE |
|
|
|
Billardiera spp. |
|
|
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
PLANTAGINACEAE |
|
|
|
Plantago lanceolata L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Plantago major L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
light, pre-chill, 1-4w |
M&O |
|
Plantago purshii |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
|
light |
M&O |
|
|
|
|
PLATANACEAE |
|
|
|
Platanus occidentalis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
AOSA |
|
Platanus spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
PLUMBAGINACEAE |
|
|
|
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
15°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Armeria spp. |
BP |
15°C |
14d |
|
AOSA |
|
Goniolimon tataricum (L.) Boiss. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
Limonium bonduellii (Lestib.f.) Kuntze |
TP; BP; S |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
Limonium latifolium (Smith) Kuntze |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
Limonium reticulatum L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. |
TP; BP; S |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
BP |
15°C |
18d |
germinate flower heads as a unit |
AOSA |
|
|
Plumbago auriculata Lam. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
18d |
|
AOSA |
|
Psylliostachys suworowii (Regel) Roshk. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
BP |
15°C |
18d |
germinate flower heads as a unit |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
POLEMONIACEAE |
|
|
|
Cobaea scandens Cav. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
18d |
sensitive to low temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Gilia tricolor Benth. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
15°C |
10d |
dormant seeds may be present |
Atwater |
|
|
Gilia spp. |
TP |
15°C |
8d |
sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
Ipomopsis rubra (L.) Wherry |
|
20°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
Phlox drummondii Hook. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
21d |
test at 15°C, treatment with fungicide may be necessary for some
seed lots |
Atwater |
|
|
Phlox maculata L. |
|
15°C |
28d |
variable germination, treat with fungicide |
Atwater |
|
Phlox paniculata L. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Phlox perennis L. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Phlox subulata L. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Polemonium coeruleum L. |
|
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
PRIMULACEAE |
|
|
|
Anagallis arvensis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, sensitive to temperatures above 15°C, test at
10°C |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Anagallis monelli L. var linifolia (L.) Maire |
TP |
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, sensitive to temperatures above 15°C, test at
10°C |
AOSA |
|
Cyclamen africanum Boiss. & Reut. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
28d |
ensure good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
Cyclamen persicum Mill. |
TP; BP; S |
15°C; 20°C |
35d |
pre-soak, 24h, then potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
40d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Primula auricula L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula denticulata Smith |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula elatior (L.) Hill |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula japonica Gray |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula x kewensis Hort. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula malacoides Franch. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula obconica Hance |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula sinensis Sabine ex Lindl. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula veris L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula vulgaris Huds. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Primula spp. (hybrids) |
|
20°C |
28d |
GA, 400ppm |
Atwater |
|
Primula spp. |
TP |
15°C |
28d |
light, ensure good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
RANUNCULACEAE |
|
|
|
Adonis vernalis L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
35d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Anemone coronaria L. |
TP |
15°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
15°C |
28d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
|
10°/20°C |
28d |
partial removal of pericarp |
Atwater |
|
|
Anemone pulsatilla L. |
TP |
15°C |
28d |
sensitive to temperatures above 15°C |
AOSA |
|
Anemone silvestris L. |
TP |
15°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Aquilegia alpina L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 14-21d, with potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
Aquilegia caerulea James |
TP |
20°/30°C |
30d |
light, pre-chill, 5°C, 3-4w |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C; 15°C |
100d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 2w |
Atwater |
|
|
Aquilegia canadensis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Aquilegia chrysantha Gray |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
30d |
light, pre-chill, 5°C, 3-4w |
AOSA |
|
|
Aquilegia x cultorum Bergmans |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Aquilegia x hybrida Hort. |
|
20°/30°C |
28d |
test at 15°C |
Atwater |
|
Aquilegia longissima Gray |
TP |
20°/30°C |
30d |
light, pre-chill, 5°C, 3-4w |
AOSA |
|
Aquilegia vulgaris L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Aquilegia spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
Light |
AOSA |
|
Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
15°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
28d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Consolida regalis Gray |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Delphinium belladonna Hort. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, light |
ISTA |
|
Delphinium bellamosum L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Delphinium cardinale Hook. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
15°C |
28d |
very sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C |
Atwater |
|
|
Delphinium cultorum Voss |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
21d |
test at 15°C |
Atwater |
|
|
Delphinium elatum L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
16-18d |
sensitive to drying out in test |
AOSA |
|
Delphinium formosum Boiss. & Huet |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Delphinium grandiflorum L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Delphinium spp. (wild types) |
|
5°-8°C |
28d |
GA, 400ppm |
Atwater |
|
Nigella damascena L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 15°C, dark, 14d, then 20°/30°C, or
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
sensitive to drying out in test |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h, dark, 72h |
Atwater |
|
|
Nigella hispanica L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 15°C, dark, 14d, then 20°/30°C, or
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Nigella sativa L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate, test at 15°C |
ISTA |
|
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. |
TP |
15°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Ranunculus asiaticus |
TP; S |
15°C; 20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Ranunculus spp. |
TP |
15°C |
30d |
slow to germinate, check for empty seeds |
AOSA |
|
|
15°C |
40d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Thalictrum spp. |
|
20°C |
50d |
Light |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
RESEDACEAE |
|
|
|
Reseda odorata L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
14d |
Light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
10d |
Light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
RHAMNACEAE |
|
|
|
Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh. |
|
|
|
pre-soak, 90°C |
Atwater |
|
Ceanothus spp. |
|
|
|
pre-soak, boiling water |
Atwater |
|
Hovenia dulcis Thunb. |
|
|
30d |
scarify, abrade with sharp sand, or file or nick seed coat, pre-chill,
1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
Rhamnus cathartica L. |
S |
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2-4w |
G&R |
|
Rhamnus frangula L. |
S |
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 8w |
G&R |
|
Zizyphus jujuba Mill. |
|
|
21d |
complete removal of seed covering structures, then pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. |
|
|
21d |
complete removal of seed covering structures, then pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Zizyphus mucronata |
|
|
21d |
complete removal of seed covering structures, then pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
SALICACEAE |
|
|
|
Populus spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Salix spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
SAPOTACEAE |
|
|
|
Achras zapota L. |
S |
25°-30°C |
29d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
Chrysophyllum cainito L. |
|
|
21d |
warm stratification |
Riley |
|
Manilkara zapotilla |
|
|
30d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Mimusops elengi |
S |
25°-30°C |
66d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
Pouteria spp. |
|
|
21d |
warm stratification |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
SCROPHULARIACEAE |
|
|
|
Antirrhinum majus L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
light, test at 15°C |
Atwater |
|
|
Antirrhinum spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
12d |
light, pre-chill, or test at 15°C with potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
Calceolaria x herbeohybrida Voss |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Calceolaria polyrrhiza Cav. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Calceolaria spp. |
TP |
15°C |
18d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Castilleja californica Abrams |
|
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2%, but dormant seeds remain |
Atwater |
|
Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., Mey & Scherb. |
TP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Digitalis purpurea L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Digitalis spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Linaria bipartita Willd. |
TP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Linaria maroccana Hook. f. |
TP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
10°C; 15°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Linaria vulgaris Mill. |
TP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Linaria spp. |
TP |
15°C |
8d |
test at 5°-10°C |
AOSA |
|
Mimulus cardinalis Dougl. & Benth. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Mimulus cupreus Hort. ex Dombr. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Mimulus guttatus DC. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Mimulus hybridus Hort. ex Siebert |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Mimulus longiflorus Grant |
|
20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2%, light |
Atwater |
|
Mimulus luteus L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Nemesia strumosa Benth. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
15°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Nemesia versicolor E. Mey. ex Benth. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Nemesia spp. |
TP |
15°C |
10d |
sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
18d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. |
TP |
15°C |
18d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Penstemon hartwegii Benth. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. |
TP |
15°C |
18d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Penstemon hybridus Grondl. & Rumpl. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Penstemon laevigatus (L.) Ait. |
TP |
15°C |
18d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Penstemon spectabilis Thurber ex Gray |
|
15°C |
21d |
GA, 400ppm |
Atwater |
|
Penstemon spp. |
|
10°/20°C; 3°/28°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 5°C, 2-4w |
Atwater |
|
Torenia fournieri Lind. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
8d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Verbascum blattaria |
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Verbascum densiflorum Vis. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Verbascum phlomoides L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Verbascum thapsus L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
|
Veronica austriaca L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Veronica spicata L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
SIMARUBACEAE |
|
|
|
Ailanthus altissima Swingle |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pre-soak, 24h, then remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 8w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
TAXACEAE |
|
|
|
Taxus spp. |
S |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 9m |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
TAXODIACEAE |
|
|
|
Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Sequoiadendron giganteum Lindl.
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, sensitive to drying out |
AOSA |
|
|
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. |
S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 30d |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
THYMELAEACEAE |
|
|
|
Daphne mezereum L. |
|
|
|
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, or warm stratification, 25°C,
8-12w, then pre-chill, |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
1°-5°C, 14w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
TROPAEOLACEAE |
|
|
|
Tropaeolum majus L. |
TP; BP; S |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Tropaeolum peltophorum Benth. |
TP; BP; S |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Tropaeolum peregrinum L. |
TP; BP; S |
15°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Tropaeolum spp. |
BP |
18°C |
14d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
ULMACEAE |
|
|
|
Celtis occidentalis L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 8-12w |
G&R |
|
Ulmus americana L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Ulmus parviflora Jacq. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
10d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Ulmus pumila L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
10d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Zelkova serrata Thunb. ex Murr. |
TP |
10°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 14d |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2-6w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
VALERIANACEAE |
|
|
|
Valeriana locusta (L.) Laterr. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
15°C |
28d |
test at 10°C |
AOSA |
|
|
BP |
10°/20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 10°C, 5d |
Fornerod |
|
|
TP |
15°C |
14-21d |
|
Heit |
|
|
Valeriana officinalis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
VERBENACEAE |
|
|
|
Duranta repens L. |
TP |
25°-30°C |
42d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
Lantana camara L. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
30d |
pre-soak fruit, 1-3d, then remove pulp from seeds |
AOSA |
|
Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Brig. |
|
20°/30°C |
30d |
pre-soak and remove pulp |
Atwater |
|
Tectona grandis L.f. |
S |
30°C |
28d |
pre-soak then pre-dry, 3d, repeat 6 times |
ISTA |
|
Verbena bonariensis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Verbena canadensis (L.) Britt. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Verbena x hybrida Voss |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
18d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Verbena officinalis L. |
|
20°/30°C |
30d |
|
Atwater |
|
Verbena rigida Spreng. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
28d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
VIOLACEAE |
|
|
|
Viola cornuta L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Viola odorata L. |
TP |
10°C; 20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
10°C; 15°C; 20°C |
90d |
dehull, GA, 400ppm |
Atwater |
|
|
Viola tricolor L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C; 20°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE |
|
|
|
Larrea tri-dentata (DC.) Cov. |
|
|
9d |
dehull |
Atwater |
